Program has spent 30+ years encouraging kids to read more. Our Program; Our Mission; Our History; Reading Partners; Advisory Council; Contact & FAQ; Find a Pizza Hut. Discover one of the top resources for teaching reading and spelling. All About Learning Press offers homeschooling curriculum that will have your kids learning. Read, click, and win with Book Adventure – a free, motivational reading program available to children in grades K-8. This process is the core of the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) Reading Programme, the system through which the millions of quotations included in OED entries are found, examined, assessed, and incorporated into an entry. The Reading Programme has been in existence (with some lapses) since 1. Quite simply, the Programme recruits voluntary and paid readers, and these readers provide the OED editors with quotations which illustrate how words are used. This process is vital to the authority of the Dictionary. The quotations are one of the most important aspects of the entries contained in the OED. They document the history of a term from its earliest to its most recent recorded usage. They are vital tools which help lexicographers create accurate definitions, and they help OED readers understand these definitions by showing through direct example, rather than abstractly, how a word has been used. History of the Ohio Summer Reading Program. Home / History of the Ohio Summer Reading Program. Since 1978, the State Library of Ohio has coordinated a summer reading. The History Reading Program encourages employees to expand their knowledge and experience of US Military history through professional reading. Learning to read. The first edition of the OED was published in instalments between 1. British Philological Society began to recruit volunteer readers for the projected New English Dictionary. The programme was directed first by Herbert Coleridge and then by his successor Frederick Furnivall. The programme’s scores of readers pored over extensive written materials to find quotations, but focused almost exclusively on literary texts. When the Oxford University Press took on the project in 1. Philological Society volunteers would prove sufficient for the Dictionary. However, the new editor, James A. Murray, soon found that the existing resources were inadequate for the depth of coverage he had in mind. The original Reading Programme focusedtoo heavily on esoteric vocabulary. Murray saw weaknesses in the Philological Society’s treatment of eighteenth century and contemporary writing, and discovered that the quality of reading in Middle and Early Modern English had suffered due to the unavailability of texts and because readers were untrained and found the language difficult. Murray also felt that the original Reading Programme focused too heavily on esoteric vocabulary. For instance, readers had collected about 5. Murray addressed all of these deficiencies by setting up a programme that was broader in the scope of its reading and its readers. In 1. 87. 9 he published an Appeal to the English- speaking and English- reading public. He had 2,0. 00 copies of the document distributed. The copies were issued not just in Britain, but in America and the British Colonies. His appeal was geographically wide- ranging and open to all. Many of the most consistently productive readers were not renowned scholars, but interested laypeople. These British and American contributors supplied over one million quotations in the three years prior to publication of the first instalment (usually called a fascicle) of the Dictionary. From slips of paper to a quotation compendium. The detailed description of English contained in the first edition of the Oxford English Dictionary was based largely on quotations gathered through the Reading Programme. Some 1. 8 million examples of words and phrases were included in this first edition, excerpted from novels, newspapers, magazines, scientific and philosophical treatises, manuscripts, and other documents covering written English from Anglo- Saxon times until the early twentieth century. Each quotation was writtenout on a small index slip. These first edition quotations found their way into the OED through a series of steps that remained standard procedure for well over a century. First, the quotations were collected by readers participating in the Reading Programme. After being submitted to Oxford, each quotation was written out on a small (6. These slips were filed alphabetically according to the word noted by the reader, to be used by OED lexicographers as they proceeded to compile the Dictionary. Murray’s quotation legacy. Murray’s programme provided the vast majority of the quotations which appeared in the 1. OED. After this publication there was much unused quotation evidence left over. To make use of this extra information the OED editors decided to publish a single- volume Supplement. This supplementary volume was published in 1. Dictionary. Even after publication of the Supplement there were still about 1. These quotations slips were put into storage or donated to other historical dictionary projects, such as a project for a dictionary of Middle English in Ann Arbor, Michigan. After these tasks were completed, the Dictionary staff was disbanded, and the Reading Programme was abandoned for over two decades. A new Supplement, a new Reading Programme. In 1. 95. 7 Oxford University Press began work on a new Supplement to the Oxford English Dictionary. In preparation, a new Reading Programme was established by the editor of the Supplement, Robert Burchfield. As might be expected, this Reading Programme had a different emphasis from Murray’s. Where the original programme had focused on examining texts from the entire history of English, this new programme targeted modern- day language. As a result, the 1. English were surveyed systematically for the first time. In addition, this Supplement. These slips came from a rich range of sources, such as private quotation collections, the work of countless scholars published in language journals such as Notes & Queries and American Speech, and a wide variety of specialist dictionaries covering slang, dialect, technical, and scientific vocabulary. The information culled from these sources served to further enhance the depth and scope of the OED. Life beyond Supplements. The Press published additional Supplements until 1. This time instead of abandoning the Reading Programme, as the Press had done after completion of the 1. Supplement, it was enlarged. The Programme was expanded to serve a growing variety of OUP dictionary titles, such as the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and the Concise Oxford Dictionary. The Programme now also served specialized resources such as the Dictionary of Modern Slang and two dictionaries of New Words. At the same time, an editorial team was assembled and given the specific job of compiling new entries for the Oxford English Dictionary through systematic and ongoing analysis of the quotation files. Advances through electronic technology. The Reading Programme diversified and modernized in 1. North American Reading Programme was set up to take over coverage of American and Canadian sources. This programme added a new innovation: for the first time quotations were collected in machine- readable form, allowing the results to be loaded into a database. Now editors could quickly conduct searches for quotations from their desktop computers instead of having to scrutinize voluminous paper files. In 1. 99. 0, the UK programme also began electronic capture of material, abandoning a century- old process in favour of the amazing efficiencies of electronic technology. What once was a paper slip has now become an electronic text- file. Instead of transcribing quotations and sources on to 6. Each one of these files is loaded directly into the Reading Programme database, where it can be accessed immediately by Oxford lexicographers. In addition to providing unprecedented text accessibility and searching speed, the electronically- based Reading Programme data allows editors to examine collected quotation material in new ways. Each text- file is assigned codes that enable searches within specific subject fields, dates, countries of origin, authors, or texts. Quotations can be displayed to show full bibliographical information for the text in question. Perhaps most significantly, the new electronic format makes the whole text of each quotation retrievable, and therefore searchable. In the days of alphabetically filed paper slips, editors could only search for the particular word or term being defined. It was impossibly time- consuming to look for any other words of interest in a quotation’s surrounding context. Editors now have the choice of searching the full text in which a quotation appears, or only those words highlighted by Reading Programme participants. This also means that OED editors are no longer entirely reliant on individual readers’ judgments about what is and isn’t remarkable in a sentence, or about what might already have been covered in the Oxford English Dictionary. Between them, the UK and North American Reading Programmes currently collect about 2. The Reading Programme database currently contains over 1. The full database text, which currently holds over 4. An expanding programme. A comprehensive and up- to- date recordof new and specialist vocabulary. As the Reading Programme has expanded, so have the sources consulted for quotations and the uses of the evidence gathered through these sources. For instance, today the Reading Programme not only provides the quotations that appear in Oxford dictionaries, but is also designed to be a comprehensive and up- to- date record of new and specialist vocabulary. This record is available to all Oxford lexicographers for consultation. In addition to providing systematic coverage of specialist fields, the OED editors have created projects that cover less obvious language sources, such as television scripts and song lyrics. The editors also make wide use of commercial databases, electronic texts, and Internet resources, using these resources as supplements to the existing paper and electronic quotation files. In recent years, both the UK and North American Reading Programmes have focused more on collecting material from every part of the English- speaking world. Quotations are collected from OUP’s branch offices throughout Africa, Asia, and the Pacific. These branches send UK readers an enormous variety of local publications from these regions. In addition, separate Reading Programmes are run by the Australian National Dictionary, the Canadian Oxford Dictionary, and the Dictionary of South African English.
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